地幔转换带:地球深部研究的重要方向   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

周春银  金振民  章军锋 《地学前缘》2010,17(3):90

地幔转换带是联系上下地幔的纽带,对于认识整个地幔的组成和演化、地幔对流、岩石圈深俯冲及深源地震等地球深部动力学问题具有重要意义。一般认为,转换带地震不连续面主要与橄榄石的高压相变密切相关。最新的高温高压实验研究表明,地幔中非橄榄石组分的相变,如辉石和石榴子石的相变,对不连续面的深度和宽度以及转换带内的波速和密度梯度也起到很大的影响。另外地幔全岩成分、端员组分、温度和水也对相变和不连续面具有重要影响,这些精细的实验研究成果更好地解释了转换带地震不连续面一些相对局部的性质和变化,促进了我们对地球深部性质和动力学过程的了解。因为缺少直接来自地球深部的样品,而地球物理和地球化学研究也有它们的相对局限性,所以高温高压实验仍然是我们了解地球深部成分和性质的重要手段之一。  相似文献   

过氧化钠超强熔矿能力的新认识   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郑大中  李小英  郑若锋  王惠萍 《四川地质学报》2010,30(4):488-492,499

过氧化钠熔融能快速分解许多热稳定性高,化学稳定性好,十分难溶（熔）的矿物、金属、合金、碳化物、氮化物和炉渣等。经长期大量熔矿、测试实验研究认为：过氧化钠超强熔矿能力归因于它在520℃～640℃熔融时,释放出原子氧,将物料中许多元素迅速氧化至最高价态;这些高价离子立即与氧形成络合物;过氧化钠熔融物的强碱性,有利于这些高价离子可熔性络合物的形成和稳定,致使物料的晶体构造、结构彻底破坏,而被完全分解。  相似文献   

青藏高原羌塘南部晚古生代地幔柱？——来自基性—超基性岩的地球化学证据     

王明  李才  翟庆国  彭帅英  解超明  吴彦旺  胡培远 《中国区域地质》2010,(12):1754-1772

羌塘南部地区大面积出露基性—超基性火成岩。基性岩墙和玄武岩沿龙木错-双湖板块缝合带的南侧呈近东西向分布,大地构造位置位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,分布范围西起国境线,东到双湖地区,总长约800km,形成时代集中在晚石炭世—早二叠世（284～318Ma）,反映出岩浆的快速侵位-喷溢的过程。基性岩墙和玄武岩主要为碱性系列岩石,少数为亚碱性系列,Ti和Fe的含量均比较高,Mg#比较低,表明它们都是原始岩浆经不同程度分异结晶后的残余熔体。基性岩墙和玄武岩的稀土元素、微量元素、形成环境等均与板内玄武岩或典型的地幔柱成因玄武岩具有相似的特点。另外,苦橄质岩石多与基性岩墙和玄武岩一起产出,主要为单斜辉石橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩,矿物成分贫挥发性组分,主量、稀土和微量元素的特点反映出其很可能代表了地幔柱原始岩浆结晶的产物而非岩浆捕获体,而且其源区很可能为石榴子石二辉橄榄岩。由此,初步认为羌塘南部基性岩墙和玄武岩为地幔柱的头部减压熔融的产物,而苦橄质岩石为地幔柱尾柱通道熔融的产物。  相似文献   

西藏罗布莎地幔橄榄岩变形显微构造特征及其地质意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐梦婧  金振民 《地质通报》2010,29(12):1795-1803

地幔橄榄岩是罗布莎蛇绿岩的主要组成成分之一,通过显微构造特征可对其变形特征进行分析,确定流变学参数,探讨地幔橄榄岩的变形历史。以蛇纹石化程度较低的二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩为研究对象,橄榄石位错特征研究显示,本区橄榄石主要发育了低温常见的直线型自由位错,局部可见位错弓弯、位错环、位错壁等高温位错,反映罗布莎地幔橄榄岩变形以低温塑性流变为主,局部经历了高温塑性流变,主导变形机制为位错蠕变。橄榄石自由位错统计结果表明,二辉橄榄岩中的橄榄石自由位错密度为4.422×107/cm2,方辉橄榄岩中的橄榄石为9.137×107/cm2,变形过程中所受差异应力分别为65MPa和93MPa。橄榄石和斜方辉石显微组构测量采用了电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD),分析结果表明,橄榄石均发育A型组构,为浅部地幔常见的组构类型,该结果与金刚石、柯石英等超高压矿物所指示的形成深度不一致。  相似文献   

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000034   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

Dapeng Zhao  Lucy Liu 《地学前缘(英文版)》2010,1(1):31-44

<正>We synthesize significant recent results on the deep structure and origin of the active volcanoes in mainland China.Magmatism in the western Pacific arc and back-arc areas is caused by dehydration of the subducting slab and by corner flow in the mantle wedge,whereas the intraplate magmatism in China has different origins.The active volcanoes in Northeast China(such as the Changbai and Wuda-lianchi) are caused by hot upwelling in the big mantle wedge(BMW) above the stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone and deep slab dehydration as well.The Tengchong volcano in Southwest China is caused by a similar process in the BMW above the subducting Burma microplate(or Indian plate). The Hainan volcano in southernmost China is a hotspot fed by a lower-mantle plume which may be associated with the Pacific and Philippine Sea slabs' deep subduction in the east and the Indian slab's deep subduction in the west down to the lower mantle.The stagnant slab finally collapses down to the bottom of the mantle,which can trigger the upwelling of hot mantle materials from the lower mantle to the shallow mantle beneath the subducting slabs and may cause the slab—plume interactions.  相似文献   

Dynamic topography of the East European craton: Shedding light upon lithospheric structure, composition and mantle dynamics     

Irina M. Artemieva   《Global and Planetary Change》2007,58(1-4):411

Most of the East European Craton lacks surface relief; however, the amplitude of topography at the top of the basement exceeds 20 km, the amplitude of topography undulations at the crustal base reaches almost 30 km with an amazing amplitude of ca. 50 km in variation in the thickness of the crystalline crust, and the amplitude of topography variations at the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary exceeds 200 km. This paper examines the relative contributions of the crust, the subcrustal lithosphere, and the dynamic support of the sublithospheric mantle to maintain surface topography, using regional seismic data on the structure of the crystalline crust and the sedimentary cover, and thermal and large-scale P- and S-wave seismic tomography data on the structure of the lithospheric mantle. For the Precambrian lithosphere, an analysis of Vp/Vs ratio at 100, 150, 200, and 250 km depths does not show any age-dependence, suggesting that while Vp/Vs ratio can be effectively used to outline the cratonic margins, it is not sensitive to compositional variations within the cratonic lithosphere.Statistical analysis of age-dependence of velocity, density, and thermal structure of the continental crust and subcrustal lithosphere in the study area (0–62E, 45–72N) allows to link lithospheric structure with the tectonic evolution of the region since the Archean. Crustal thickness decreases systematically with age from 42–44 km in regions older than 1.6 Ga to 37–40 km in the Paleozoic–Mesoproterozoic structures, and to ca. 31 km in the Meso-Cenozoic regions. However, the isostatic contribution of the crust to the surface topography of the East European Craton is almost independent of age (ca. 4.5 km) due to an interplay of age-dependent crustal and sedimentary thicknesses and lithospheric temperatures.On the contrary, the contribution of the subcrustal lithosphere to the surface topography strongly depends on the age, being slightly positive (+ 0.3 + 0.7 km) for the regions older than 1.6 Ga and negative (− 0.5–1 km) for younger structures. This leads to age-dependent variations in the residual topography, i.e. the topography which cannot be explained by the assumed thermal and density structure of the lithosphere, and which can (at least partly) originate from the dynamic component caused by the mantle flow. Positive dynamic topography at the cratonic margins, which exceeds 2 km in the Norwegian Caledonides and in the Urals, clearly links their on-going uplift with deep mantle processes. Negative residual topography beneath the Archean-Paleoproterozoic cratons (− 1–2 km) indicates either a smaller density deficit (ca. 0.9%) in their subcrustal lithosphere than predicted by global petrologic data on mantle-derived xenoliths or the presence of a strong convective downwelling in the mantle. Such mantle downflows can effectively divert heat from the lithospheric base, leading to a long-term survival of the Archean-Paleoproterozoic lithosphere.  相似文献   

Interball contribution to the high-altitude cusp observations     

Z. Nme ek  J. &#x;afrnkov  J. Mrka  J. &#x;imnek  L. P&#x;ech 《Planetary and Space Science》2007,55(15):2286-2294

The polar cusps have traditionally been described as narrow funnel-shaped regions of magnetospheric magnetic field lines directly connected to magnetosheath, allowing the magnetosheath plasma to precipitate into the ionosphere. However, recent observations and theoretical considerations revealed that the formation of the cusp cannot be treated separately from the processes along the whole dayside magnetopause and that the plasma in regions like cleft or low-latitude boundary layer is of the same origin. Our review of statistical results as well as numerous case studies identified the anti-parallel merging at the magnetopause as the principal source of the magnetosheath plasma in all altitudes. Since effective merging requires a low plasma speed at the reconnection spot, we have found that the magnetopause shape and especially its indentation at the outer cusp is a very important part of the whole process. The plasma is slowed down in this indentation and arising multiscale turbulent processes enhance the reconnection rate.  相似文献   

Integration of natural data within a numerical model of ablative subduction: a possible interpretation for the Alpine dynamics of the Austroalpine crust     

M. RODA  M. I. SPALLA  A. M. MAROTTA 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2012,30(9):973-996

A numerical modelling approach is used to validate the physical and geological reliability of the ablative subduction mechanism during Alpine convergence in order to interpret the tectonic and metamorphic evolution of an inner portion of the Alpine belt: the Austroalpine Domain. The model predictions and the natural data for the Austroalpine of the Western Alps agree very well in terms of P–T peak conditions, relative chronology of peak and exhumation events, P–T–t paths, thermal gradients and the tectonic evolution of the continental rocks. These findings suggest that a pre‐collisional evolution of this domain, with the burial of the continental rocks (induced by ablative subduction of the overriding Adria plate) and their exhumation (driven by an upwelling flow generated in a hydrated mantle wedge) could be a valid mechanism that reproduces the actual tectono‐metamorphic configuration of this part of the Alps. There is less agreement between the model predictions and the natural data for the Austroalpine of the Central‐Eastern Alps. Based on the natural data available in the literature, a critical discussion of the other proposed mechanisms is presented, and additional geological factors that should be considered within the numerical model are suggested to improve the fitting to the numerical results; these factors include variations in the continental and/or oceanic thickness, variation of the subduction rate and/or slab dip, the initial thermal state of the passive margin, the occurrence of continental collision and an oblique convergence.  相似文献   

地幔柱的概念、分类、演化与大规模成矿——对中国西南部的探讨   总被引：33，自引：2，他引：33  

王登红 《地学前缘》2001,8(3):67-72

自核幔边界上升的物质 ,当其汇聚成圆柱状的结合体 ,并因其相对于周围地幔环境来说具有温度更高、活动性更强、粘度更低等特点而能够上升到壳幔边界时 ,一般可以演化成为具有宽厚的冠状构造和细长的尾部构造的地幔柱。地幔柱进一步与地壳发生作用 ,可以在地表记录下一系列的热点或形成巨大的火成岩省。根据地幔柱最后出露的位置 ,可以将其分为洋壳和陆壳环境下产出的两种基本类型 ,也可以根据其演化历史分出不同的阶段 ,如初始阶段、上升阶段、成熟阶段和衰退阶段。中国西南部地区可能经历了两次以上的地幔柱冲击 ,二叠纪的峨眉山玄武岩是一个古生代晚期演化比较彻底的地幔柱留下的记录 ,而新生代以来的地幔柱活动可能正在发育 ,深部物质的大规模上隆可能是青藏高原隆升的一个原因 ,大量的散布的幔源岩浆活动和流体作用可能是中国西南部大规模成矿作用的重要原因。  相似文献   

核幔成矿物质(流体)的反重力迁移——地幔热柱多级演化成矿作用   总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25  

牛树银  侯增谦  孙爱群 《地学前缘》2001,8(3):95-101

地壳中矿床分布极不均匀 ,这与地球的形成与演化密切相关。在地球演化的早期 ,由于在引力收缩和热力膨胀的统一作用支配下 ,放射性、卤族、稀有、稀土元素及碱金属向上迁移 ,而贵金属、有色、铁族、铂族等密度较大的元素则有逐渐向地核聚集的趋势 ,以至于铁、镍、金等元素主要聚集在地核之中。但是 ,在地球形成圈层结构的同时 ,由于地球内外温度差、压力差、粘度差等的存在 ,导致地球发生以地幔热柱多级演化为主要形式的垂向物质运动 ,两者互为依存 ,并构成幔壳运动的原动力。地幔热柱多级演化沟通了深部矿质的迁移通道 ,聚集在地核及核幔界面上的气态金等重元素得以作为地幔热柱的热物质流 ,呈反重力迁移至岩石圈 ,并进而以气 液态向近地表迁移 ,在有利的构造扩容带中聚集成矿。这可能是金银铜铅锌等多种元素的重要成矿作用方式。  相似文献